Followup to: How To Construct a Political Ideology
Related to: What Do We Mean By "Rationality"?
Politics is the art of the possible.
The
word 'politics' is derived from the Greek word 'poly', meaning many,
and the English word 'ticks', meaning blood sucking parasites.
Politics can be inspiring; there have been several groups that have
organized to achieve wonderful ends now and in the past. Such as ending
slavery, the subjugation of women, and the censorship of ideas. (None of
these have, however, been brought to their full completion yet.)
Politics can also be irritating. As when some politician or
bureaucrat wastes money or lies in a particularly annoying way, or when
the supporters of that politician or that bureau talk about the wonders
of politics while ignoring all its bad parts. (Politics can also be
horrible and devastating.)
Predictably, some of us who find politics today to be more irritating
than inspiring will define politics somewhat differently. For
some,
politics is ”a relic of a barbaric past” because politics always
entails the threat of violence, and if we should ever find ourselves in a
better state of affairs, politics will have had nothing to do with it.
But
many others would contend that wherever there's civic life there's politics – for
some that's true even in a stateless society.
So, there's a little disagreement on the definition of politics. For
my part, I will use the latter definition, which contends that politics
deals with certain areas of life – regarding civic life, elections, war,
fund-raising for a cause, influencing cultural norms, establishing
alliances and so on. This is almost the same as the definition
used by Wiktionary, but it seems to have a broader focus than the one
used by Wikipedia. The goal of political action can then be said to be to
act rationally in this domain, just as one would act rationally in any other domain.
That
definition isn't too detailed, so let me try and give a fuller
definition. I will do that by introducing a hypothetical scenario which
explores some fundamental political strategies:
You live in a
village by a river, and you are interested in building a bridge across
it. But a fisherman also lives in the village and if you'd build the
bridge it would make it difficult for him to fish during that time. No
one else will be directly effected by this project. You bring up the
issue with the fisherman and ask what he thinks about all this.
The
fisherman could then have two basic attitudes towards your project: it
would either be a concern for him or it wouldn't. If it is the latter,
then you are not in any conflict, but have a (weak) harmonious
relationship. All that remains is for you to build the bridge, which
I'll discuss later.
First, let's assume that the fisherman
opposes your plans. Let us assume that he is willing to physically
prevent you from building the bridge. What can you do then, given that
you still want to construct the bridge? It seems only these
seven general
strategies are available:
Persuasion – You can try to
convince the fisherman that it is in his best interest that the bridge
be built, or that the construction will not disturb him so much as he
believes. That is, convince him that the project will not become
problematic for him.
Deceit – You can try to convince the fisherman that the construction won't be problematic, while lying.
Trade -
You take his stated preferences, true or not, as given and you offer
him something in return for letting you build the bridge.
Threat – You offer to give him something/do something to him which he does not want, if he doesn't let you build the bridge.
Bypass – You ignore the fisherman and try to build the bridge without him knowing about it.
Force –
You can try to physically stop him from preventing you to build the
bridge. As in, hitting him on the head, poisoning him or locking him
up.
Submission - You don't build the bridge.
(There might be other strategies I've missed, but for now it's not necessary to know all fundamental strategies.)
Suppose now that the fisherman doesn't mind at all that you build the bridge. Well then, what happens now?
Well, either you want the help of others in doing this or not. If
not, there's no more politics. If you do want the help of others, and
they are willing to help you, then everything is also settled. But, if
they do not want to help you right away, then you can use persuasion,
deceit, exchange, threats and force to get them to help you. Or you simply have to acquiesce in them not helping you. Bypassing is not an option here,
since that would be pointless.
Each option entails costs, and they could all have too high a cost so
that there's no point in going forth with anything. In that case, it's
time to do something else. On the other hand, the cost for each mode of
action might be so low that any option is advantageous. In that case
the only prudent move is to choose whatever has the lowest cost, the one
which let's you pursue and reach the largest number of your most highly
valued ends. The point is that not only does an option have costs in
money and time but it can also affect any further actions in, at least,
two ways. First off, if the action should fail, some, or all, of the
other options might become totally improbable to succeed. And secondly,
even if the action succeeds, it might have some negative effects in
other non-political circumstances, making it less likely to achieve your
goals. Thus, the costs worth pondering are the
opportunity costs of an action - the loss is what you otherwise could have achieved.
It seems that every political problem can be seen through the lens
of this framework. Both for, loosely speaking, dealing with conflicts
and producing values. What about upholding laws that support certain
property rights? Well, you can persuade or force those who disagree with
the norms to accept them. You can even bargain with them. What about
helping those who are addicted to drugs? Same thing, you can either get
their consent or choose to force them. Everything can ultimately be seen
as how you interact with others.
What does this then tell us about the goal of political action? Well
suppose you need to interact with others regarding the bridge-project
(either with the fisherman or someone else). You will need to perceive
the effects of each path and compare their effects to choose whichever
is most beneficial to you. After that has been solved, that should be
the end of politics. But, what does it mean to solve the problem? Well,
what goals will be harder to reach if you choose to trick the fisherman
into letting you build the bridge? That depends on a lot of
circumstances, but, for most villages, I'd guess you lose any chance of
being on really good terms with the fisherman, and you'd lose favour
with most people in the village (if you weren't already dominant in the
village). And what if you'd traded with others to get their help in
constructing the bridge? You'd only lost the money, probably.
Now, maybe this doesn't feel like that hard of a problem. But let's
suppose that you will face one thousand such scenarios in your life,
every one of which are intertwined with each other. That is, you will
want to build a bridge, but you may also want to be friends to friends
of the fisherman, be on good terms with everyone in the village, be
secure in your property rights, help fund the building of a local town
hall, change the current law on building-restrictions, support the
abolishment of the Bakers' guild, do a whole lot of ordinary things and
so on. Now your choice in one area will have to fit with every other
area. Or, at least those you care about the most.
All of this calls for you to create a meta-strategy; a grand plan
plan so all those small plans are compatible with each other and will
produce the most benefit to you. How to make that plan and follow it
through is the essence of political choice, it's an essential part of
your goal in politics.
To know what plan to choose you need to know two things: (1) what
your political values/goals are and (2) what sort of political system
(society) would be best in promoting your goals.
If you know everything about your preferences, but nothing about
societies, then you can't support any complex system without running the
risk of supporting something which is totally detrimental to your
values. If you, on the other hand, know everything about how societies
function but are, somehow, unable to know what you really want, then you
cannot decide what society to strive towards.
The next two posts will discuss these two issues - first goals and thereafter means.
